Popovich, N. & Choi-Schagrin, W. Hidden toll of the Northwest heat wave: hundreds of extra deaths. The New York Times (11 August 2021).Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19 (CDC, 2021); https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/excess_deaths.htmHeat-Related Deaths in B.C. Knowledge Update (BC Coroners Service, accessed August 2021); https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/birth-adoption-death-marriage-and-divorce/deaths/coroners-service/statistical/heat_related_deaths_in_bc_knowledge_update.pdfSchramm, P. J. et al. Heat-related emergency department visits during the Northwestern heat wave—United States, June 2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 70, 1020–1021 (2021).
Google Scholar
American Housing Survey (AHS) (US Census Bureau, accessed August 2021); https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.htmlTigchelaar, M., Battisti, D. S. & Spector, J. T. Work adaptations insufficient to address growing heat risk for U.S. agricultural workers. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 094035 (2020).Map Archive (U.S. Drought Monitor, accessed August 2021); https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Maps/MapArchive.aspxNational Fire News (NICF, accessed August 2021); https://www.nifc.gov/fire-information/nfnSilverman, H., Guy, M. & Sutton, J. Western wildfire smoke is contributing to New York City’s worst air quality in 15 years. CNN (21 July 2021); https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/21/weather/us-western-wildfires-wednesday/index.htmlMeehl, G. A. & Tebaldi, C. More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century. Science 305, 994–997 (2004).CAS
Google Scholar
Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E. & Lewis, S. C. Increasing trends in regional heatwaves. Nat. Commun. 11, 3357 (2020).CAS
Google Scholar
Philip, S. Y. et al. Rapid Attribution Analysis of the Extraordinary Heatwave on the Pacific Coast (World Weather Attribution, 2021); https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/NW-US-extreme-heat-2021-scientific-report-WWA.pdfCoumou, D. & Robinson, A. Historic and future increase in the global land area affected by monthly heat extremes. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 034018 (2013).
Google Scholar
Power, S. B. & Delage, F. P. D. Setting and smashing extreme temperature records over the coming century. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 529–534 (2019).
Google Scholar
Fischer, E. M., Sippel, S. & Knutti, R. Increasing probability of record-shattering climate extremes. Nat. Clim. Change 11, 689–695 (2021).
Google Scholar
Thompson, V. et al. The 2021 western North America heat wave among the most extreme events ever recorded globally. Sci. Adv. 8, eabm6860 (2022).
Google Scholar
Taleb, N. N. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (Random House, 2007).Aven, T. On the meaning of a black swan in a risk context. Saf. Sci. 57, 44–51 (2013).
Google Scholar
Lin, N. & Emanuel, K. Grey swan tropical cyclones. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 106–111 (2015).
G …